Jim Hurrell
Sr Sci Emeritus

Career Overview

Professor James (Jim) Hurrell joined Colorado State University faculty in September 2018 as the Scott Presidential Chair in Environmental Science and Engineering and a Professor in the Department of Atmospheric Science. Jim is a former director of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, CO, where he was a Senior Scientist in the Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory (CGD). He is also the former Chief Scientist of Community Climate Projects in CGD, which includes the Community Earth System Model (CESM), and a former director of CGD and the NCAR Earth System Laboratory. Jim spent a year as a visiting scientist at the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research in the U.K. Jim’s research has centered on empirical and modeling studies and diagnostic analyses to better understand climate, climate variability and climate change. He has authored or co-authored more than 100 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as dozens of other planning documents, workshop papers and editorials. Jim has been extensively involved in the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) on Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR), including roles as co-chair of the Scientific Steering Group (SSG) of both U.S. and International CLIVAR, Chair of the Scientific Organizing Committee for the WCRP Open Science Conference (2011), and membership on several other CLIVAR panels. He is currently a member of the Joint Scientific Committee of WCRP. Jim also has served the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) as a member of the Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC) SSG and the CLIVAR-PAGES (Past Global Changes) working group. Jim has been involved in assessment activities of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP). He has served on several National Research Council (NRC) panels, and he has provided briefings and testimonies to both the U.S. Senate and the House of Representatives on climate change science.

Education

Ph.D., Atmospheric Science
Purdue University, 1990

M.S., Atmospheric Science
Purdue University, 1986

B.S., Mathematics and Earth/Space Sciences
University of Indianapolis, 1984

Publications

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2015-2018

Hurrell, J. W., C. Deser and A. S. Phillips, 2018: North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (3rd edition), doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11621-5. [Article]

Deser, C., J. W. Hurrell and A. S. Phillips, 2017: The Role of the North Atlantic Oscillation in European Climate Projections. Clim. Dyn., doi: 10.1007/s00382-016-3502-z.
[Article] [Supplementary Material]

Gamelon, M., V. Grøtan, A. L. K. Nilsson, S. Engen, J. W. Hurrell, K. Jerstad, A. S. Phillips, O. W. Røstad, T. Slagsvold, B. Walseng, N. C. Stenseth, and B.-E. Saether, 2017: Interactions between demography and environmental effects are important determinants of population dynamics. Sci. Adv., 3, e1602298 (2017).
[Article]

Hurrell, J. W. and C. Deser, 2015: Northern hemisphere climate variability during winter: Looking back on the work of Felix Exner. Meteorol. Z., 24, 113-118, 10.1127/metz/2015/0578.
[Print Version]

2011-2014

Hurrell, J. W., 2014: Climate Variability: North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillation. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences (2nd edition), G. R. North, EIC, J. Pyle and F. Zhang, Eds., Elsevier, 47-60.

Moss, R. H., G. A. Meehl, M. C. Lemos, J. B. Smith, J. R. Arnold, J. C. Arnott, D. Behar, G. P. Brasseur, S. B. Broomell, A. J. Busalacchi, S. Dessai, K. L. Ebi, J. A. Edmonds, J. Furlow, L. Goddard, H. C. Hartmann, J. W. Hurrell, J. W. Katzenberger, D. M. Liverman, P. W. Mote, S. C. Moser, A. Kumar, R. S. Pulwarty, E. A. Seyller, B. L. Turner II, W. M. Washington, and T. J. Wilbanks, 2013: Hell and High Water: Practice Relevant Adaptation Science. Science, Vol. 342, pp. 696-698, doi: 10.1126/science.1239569.
[Downloadable from AGCI website]

Hurrell, J. W., M. M. Holland, P. R. Gent, S. Ghan, J. E. Kay, P. J. Kushner, J. -F. Lamarque, W. G. Large, D. Lawrence, K. Lindsay, W. H. Lipscomb, M. C. Long, N. Mahowald, D. R. Marsh, R. B. Neale, P. Rasch, S. Vavrus, M. Vertenstein, D. Bader, W. D. Collins, J. J. Hack, J. Kiehl, and S. Marshall, 2013: The Community Earth System Model: A Framework for Collaborative Research. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 94, 1339-1360, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00121.1.
[Article]

Asrar, G. R., J. W. Hurrell and A. J. Busalacchi, 2013: The World Climate Research Program Strategy and Priorities: Next Decade. Climate Science for Serving Society: Research, Modeling and Prediction Priorities, G. R. Asrar, and J. W. Hurrell, Eds., Springer Netherlands, pp. 1-12.
[Chapter 1] [Book Preview]

Danabasoglu, G., S. G. Yeager, Y. -O. Kwon, J. J. Tribbia, A. S. Phillips, and J. W. Hurrell, 2012. Variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in CCSM4. J. Climate, Vol. 25, 5153-5172, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00463.1. [Complete Article]

Hoerling, M., J. Hurrell, A. Kumar, L. Terray, J. Eischeid, P. Pegion, T. Zhang, X. -W. Quan, and T. Y. Xu, 2011: On North American Decadal Climate for 2011-2020. Journal Of Climate: Vol. 24, pp. 4519-4528, doi: 10.1175/2011JCLI4137.1.
[Complete Article]

Goddard, L., J. W. Hurrell, B. .P. Kirtman, J. Murphy, T. Stockdale, and C. Vera, 2012: Two timescales for the price of one (almost). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society:, Vol. 93, pp. 621-629, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00220.1.
[Print Version]

2007-2010

Overland, J., J. Alheit, A. Bakun, J. W. Hurrell, D. Mackus, and A. Miller, 2010: Climate controls on marine ecoystems and fish populations. Journal of Marine Systems Vol. 79, pp 305-315, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.200812.009
[Print Version]

Hurrell, J. W., and C. Deser, 2009: North Atlantic climate variability: The role of the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Mar. Syst., 78, No. 1, 28-41, DOI:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.11.026.
[Print Version]

Hurrell, J, G. Meehl, D. Bader, T. Delworth, B. Kirtman, and B. Wielicki, 2009: A unified modeling approach to climate system prediction. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: Vol. 90, pp 1819-1832, DOI: 10.1175/2009BAMS2752.1
[Complete Article] [Comment] [Reply to Comment]

Folland, C., J. Knight, H. Linderholm, D. Fereday, S. Ineson, and J. W. Hurrell, 2008: The summer North Atlantic Oscillation: past, present and future. Journal of Climate: Vol. 22, pp 1082-1103, DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2459.1
[Print Version]

Hurrell, J.W., J.J. Hack, D. Shea, J.M. Caron, and J. Rosinski, 2008: A new sea surface temperature and sea ice boundary data set for the Community Atmosphere Model Journal of Climate: Vol. 21, pp 5145-5153, DOI: 10.1175/2008JCLI2292.1
[Complete Article]

Hurrell, J.W, 2008: A changing context for life on earth. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: Vol. 122, pp 473-474.
[Complete Article]

Hurrell, J.W., 2008: Decadel climate prediction: challenges and opportunitiesJournal of Physics: Conference Series 125 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/125/1/012018.
[Complete Article]

2003-2006

Hurrell J.W., M. Visbeck, and A. Busalacchi, R. A. Clarke, T. L. Delworth, R. R. Dickson, W.E. Johns, K.P. Koltermann, Y. Kushnir, D. Marshall, C. Mauritzen, M. S. McCartney, A. Piola, C. Reason, G. Reverdin, F. Schott, R. Sutton, I. Wainer, and D. Wright, 2006: Atlantic Climate Variability and Predictability: A CLIVAR perspective. Journal of Climate: Vol. 19, pp. 5100-5121.
[Print Version]

Anthes, R. A., R. W. Correll, G. Holland, J. W. Hurrell, M. MacCracken, and K. E. Trenberth, 2006: Hurricanes and Global Warming - Potential Linkages and Consequences. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: Vol. 87, pp. 623-628.
[Print Version]

Hoerling, M.P., J.W. Hurrell, J. Eischeid, and A.S. Phillips, 2006: Detection and Attribution of 20th Century Northern and Southern African Monsoon Change Journal of Climate: Vol. 19, pp. 3989-4008.
[Print Version]

Hurrell, J.W., J.J. Hack, A.S. Phillips, J. Caron, and J. Yin, 2006: The Dynamical Simulation of the Community Atmosphere Model Version 3 (CAM3) Journal of Climate: Vol. 19, pp 2162-2183.
[Print Version]

Cassou, Christophe, Clara Deser, Laurent Terray, James W. Hurrell, and Marie Dr�villon , 2004: Summer sea surface temperature conditions in the North Atlantic and their impact upon the atmospheric circulation in early winter. Journal of Climate: Vol. 17, pp. 3349-3363.
[Print Version]

Hurrell, J.W., M.P. Hoerling, A.S. Phillips, and T. Xu, 2004: Twentieth Century North Atlantic Climate Change. Part I: Assessing Determinism. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 23, pp. 371-389, 2004.
[Print Version]

Hoerling, M.P., J.W. Hurrell, T. Xu, G.T.Bates, and A.S. Phillips, 2004: Twentieth Century North Atlantic Climate Change. Part II: Understanding the Effect of Indian Ocean Warming. Climate Dynamics, Vol. 23, pp. 391-405, 2004.
[Print Version]

Deser, Clara, Adam S. Phillips, and James W. Hurrell, 2004: Pacific Interdecadal Climate Variability: Linkages between the Tropics and North Pacific during boreal winter since 1900 Journal of Climate: Vol. 17, pp. 3109-3124.
[Print Version] [Supplementary Figures (.html, added 2/12/04)]

Stenseth, N.C., A. Shabbar, K.-S. Chan, S. Boutin, E.K. Rueness, D. Ehrich, J.W. Hurrell, O.C.Lingjaerde, and K.S. Jakobsen, 2004: Snow conditions may create an invisible barrier for lynx. PNAS, Vol. 101, pp. 10632-10624.
[Print Version]

Hurrell, J.W., and R.R. Dickson, 2004: Climate variability over the North Atlantic. Marine Ecosystems and Climate Variation - the North Atlantic.
N.C. Stenseth, G. Ottersen, J.W. Hurrell, and A. Belgrano, Eds. Oxford University Press, 2004.
[Text] [Figures]
*Note! The Text and Figure Captions available here are the uncorrected galley proofs.*
[Independent Review #1 (Science)] [Independent Review #2 (Journal of Marine Systems)]

Cassou, Christophe, Laurent Terray, James W. Hurrell, and Clara Deser, 2004: North Atlantic winter climate regimes: Spatial asymmetry, stationarity with time, and oceanic forcing. Journal of Climate: Vol. 17, pp. 1055-1068.
[Print Version]

Hurrell, J. W., 2003: EOS Bookshelf: The North Atlantic Oscillation. EOS, Vol. 84, pp. 73.

Hurrell, J.W., 2003: Climate Variability: North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillation. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences: pp. 439-445. J. Holton, J. Pyle, and J. Curry, Eds.
[Print Version]

Stenseth, N.C, G Ottersen, J.W. Hurrell, A. Mysterud, M. Lima, KS. Chan, N.G. Yoccoz, and B. Adlandsvik, 2003: Studying climate effects on ecology through the use of climate indices:the North Atlantic Oscillation, El Nino Southern Oscillation and beyond. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: 270: 2087-2096.

Hurrell, J.W., Y. Kushnir, M. Visbeck, and G. Ottersen, 2003: An Overview of the North Atlantic Oscillation. The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climate Significance and Environmental Impact, J.W. Hurrell, Y. Kushnir, G. Ottersen, and M. Visbeck, Eds. Geophysical Monograph Series, 134, pp. 1-35.
[Overview/Chapter 1] [Book Information]

1999-2002

Hurrell, J. W., Y. Kushnir, G. Ottersen, and M. Visbeck, 2002:
The North Atlantic Oscillation. A forthcoming American Geophysical Union monograph. CLIVAR Exchanges, 25, 73-75.
[Print Version]

Hurrell, J.W., and C.K. Folland, 2002: A Change in the Summer Atmospheric Circulation over the North Atlantic. CLIVAR Exchanges, Vol. 25, pp. 52-54.
[Print Version]

Stenseth, N.C., A. Mysterud, G. Ottersen, J.W. Hurrell, K.-S. Chan, and M. Lima, 2002: Ecological effects of large-scale climate fluctuations. Science:, Vol. 297, pp. 1292-1296.
[Print Version]

Hurrell, J.W., C. Deser, C.K. Folland, and D.P. Rowell, 2002: The relationship between tropical Atlantic rainfall and the summer circulation over the North Atlantic. Proc. U.S. CLIVAR Atlantic meeting, D. Legler, Ed., June 12-14 2001, Boulder, CO., 111-114.

Marshall, J., Y. Kushnir, D. Battisti, P. Chang, A. Czaja, J.W. Hurrell, M. McCartney, Saravanan, Martin Visbeck, 2002: Atlantic Climate Variability. International Journal of Climatology: Vol. 21, pp.1863-1898.
[Introduction]

Hurrell, J.W., M.P. Hoerling, and C.K. Folland, 2001: Climatic variability over the North Atlantic. Meteorology at the Millenium: 150th Anniversary of the Royal Meteorological Society, Academic Press, London: 143-151.
[Complete Article]

Visbeck, M., J. W. Hurrell, L. Polvani, and H. M. Cullen, 2001: The North Atlantic Oscillation: Past, present and future. Proceedings at the 12th Annual Symposium on Frontiers of Science: Vol. 98, pp. 12876-12877.
[Print Version]

Blackmon, M. and Co-Authors, 2001: The Community Climate System Model Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: Vol. 82, No. 11, pp. 2357-2376.
[Print Version]

Hurrell, J.W. 2001: North Atlantic Oscillation. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, J.Steele, S. Thorpe, and K. Turekian, Eds. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom: Vol. 4, 1904-1911.

Dickson, R. R., J. W. Hurrell, N. L. Bindoff, A. P. S. Wong, B. Arbic, B. Owens, S. Imawaki, and I. Yashayaev, 2001: The world during WOCE. Chapter 7.3 in Ocean Circulation and Climate. G. Siedler and J. Church, Eds. WOCE IPO, Vol. 77, International Geophysics Series, Academic Press: 557-583.

Hoerling, M.P., J.W. Hurrell, T. Xu, 2001: Tropical Origins for Recent North Atlantic Climate Change. Science: Vol.292, pp 90-92.
[Print Version]

Trenberth, K.E., D.P. Stepaniak, J.W. Hurrell, and M. Fiorino, 2001: Quality of Reanalyses in the Tropics. Journal of Climate: Vol. 14, No. 7, pp.1499-1510.
[Print Version]

Hurrell, J.W., Y. Kushnir, and M. Visbeck, 2001: The North Atlantic Oscillation. Science: Vol. 291, No. 5504, pp. 603-605.
[HTML Version]

Dickson, R. R., T. J. Osborn, J. W. Hurrell, J. Meincke, J. Blindheim, B. Adlandsvik, T. Vinje, G. Alekseev, W. Maslowski, 2000: The Arctic Ocean Response to the North Atlantic Oscillation. Journal of Climate: Vol. 13, No. 15, pp.2671-2696.
[Print Version]

Hurrell, James W., Simon J. Brown, Kevin E. Trenberth, John R. Christy, 2000: Comparison of Tropospheric Temperatures from Radiosondes and Satellites: 1979-98. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: Vol. 81, No. 9, pp.2165-2178.
[Print Version]

Trenberth, K.E., and J.W. Hurrell, James W., 1999: Reply to Rajagoplan, Lall and Cane's Comment about "The Interpretation of Short Climate Records with Comments on the North Atlantic and Southern Oscillations". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: Vol. 80, No. 12, pp.2726-2728.

Trenberth, K.E., and J.W. Hurrell, James W., 1999: Comment on:"The Interpretation of Short Climate Records with Comments on the North Atlantic and Southern Oscillations". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: Vol. 80, No. 12, pp.2721-2722.

Hurrell, James W., Kevin E. Trenberth, 1999: Global Sea Surface Temperature Analyses: Multiple Problems and Their Implications for Climate Analysis, Modeling, and Reanalysis. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: Vol. 80, No. 12, pp.2661-2678.
[Print Version]

Stenseth, N.C., and Co-authors, 1999: Common Dynamic Structure of Canada Lynx Populations Within Three Climatic Regions. Science: Vol. 285, pp.1071-1073.
[Print Version]

1995-1998

Dickson, R. R., J. W. Hurrell, and M. McCartney, H. L. Bryden, R. Williams, and J. Marshall, 1998: The North Atlantic Oscillation. CLIVAR: A research program for climate variability and prediction for the 21st century, WCRP No. 103, WMO/TD No. 869, ICPO No. 14: 163-192.

Hurrell, J. W., H. van Loon, and D. Shea, 1998: The mean state of the troposphere. Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere. D. J. Karoly and D. G. Vincent, Eds., Meteorological Monographs, 49, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA: 1-46.

Meehl, G.A., J.W. Hurrell, and H. van Loon, 1998: A Modulation of the Mechanism of the Semiannual Oscillation in the Southern Hemisphere. Tellus: Vol. 50A, pp.442-450.

Hurrell,J.W., 1998: Relationships among recent Atmospheric Circulation Changes, Global Warming, and Satellite Temperatures. Science Progress: Vol. 81(3), pp.205-224.

Boville, B.A. and J.W. Hurrell, 1998: A Comparison of the Atmospheric Circulations Simulated by the CCM3 and CSM1. Journal of Climate: Vol. 11, No. 6, pp.1327-1341.
[Print Version]

Hurrell, J.W., J.J. Hack, B.A. Boville, D.L. Williamson, and J.T. Kiehl, 1998: The Dynamical Simulation of the NCAR Community Climate Model Version 3 (CCM3). Journal of Climate: Vol. 11, No. 6, pp.1207-1236.
[Print Version]

Hack, J.J, J.T. Kiehl, and J.W. Hurrell, 1998: The Hydrologic and Thermodynamic Characteristics of the NCAR CCM3. Journal of Climate: Vol. 11, No. 6, pp.1179-1206.
[Print Version]

Kiehl, J.T., J.J. Hack, and J.W. Hurrell, 1998: The Energy Budget of the NCAR Community Climate Model: CCM3. Journal of Climate: Vol. 11, No. 6, pp.1151-1178.
[Print Version]

Hurrell,J.W. and K.E. Trenberth, 1998: Difficulties in obtaining reliable temperatures: Reconciling the surface and satellite MSU records. Journal of Climate: Vol. 11, No. 5, pp.945-967.
[Print Version]

Trenberth, K.E. and J.W. Hurrell, 1997: How Accurate are Satellite 'Thermometers'. Nature: Vol. 389, pp.342-343.
[If you have a subscription to Nature magazine, you may go to Nature's Web Site, and view the full text article or download a .pdf file. (You may have to register, which is free.)]

Hurrell,J.W. and H. van Loon, 1997: Decadal Variations associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Climatic Change: Vol. 36, pp.301-326. [Print Version]

Hurrell,J.W. and K.E. Trenberth, 1997: Spurious Trends in Satellite MSU Temperatures from merging different Satellite Records. Nature: Vol. 386, pp.164-167.

Giorgi, F., J.W. Hurrell, M.R. Marinucci, and M. Beniston, 1997: Elevation Dependency of the Surface Climate Change Signal: a Model Study. Journal of Climate: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp.288-296.
[Print Version]

Hurrell,J.W., K.E. Trenberth, 1996: Satellite versus Surface Estimates of Air Temperature since 1979. Journal of Climate: Vol. 9, No. 9, pp.2222-2232.
[Print Version]

Hurrell,J.W., 1996: Influence of Variations in Extratropical Wintertime Teleconnections on Northern Hemisphere Temperatures. Geophysical Research Letters: Vol. 23, No. 6, pp.665-668.
[Print Version] (Selected to be part of the GRL 40th Anniversary Special Collection.)

Trenberth, K.E., and J.W. Hurrell, 1995: Decadal climate variations in the Pacific. National Research Council, Natural Climate Variability on Decade-to-Century Time Scales. D. G. Martinson, K. Bryan, M.Ghil, M. M. Hall, T. R. Karl, E. S. Sarachik, S. Sorooshian, and L.D. Talley, Eds., National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.: 472-481.

Hurrell, J.W., 1995: Decadal Trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional Temperatures and Precipitation. Science: Vol. 269, pp.676-679.
[Print Version]

Hurrell,J.W., 1995: Transient Eddy Forcing of the Rotational Flow during Northern Winter. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences: Vol. 52, No. 12, pp.2286-2301.
[Print Version]

Shea, D.J., H. van Loon and J.W. Hurrell, 1995: The Tropical-Subtropical Semi-Annual Oscillation in the Upper Troposphere. International Journal of Climatology: Vol. 15, pp.975-983.

Trenberth, K.E., J.W. Hurrell, and A. Solomon, 1995: Conservation of Mass in Three Dimensions in Global Analyses. Journal of Climate: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp.692-708.
[Print Version]

Hurrell, J.W., 1995: Comparison of NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM) Climates. Climate Dynamics: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp.25-50.
[Print Version]

Trenberth. K.E. and J.W. Hurrell, 1995: Decadal Coupled Atmospheric-Ocean Variations in the North Pacific Ocean. In Climate Change and Northern Fish Populations. Canadian Special Publication Fisheries Aquatic Sciences. R.J. Beamish. Ed. 121 15-24.

1987-1994

Hurrell, J.W. and H. van Loon, 1994: A Modulation of the Atmospheric Annual Cycle in the Southern Hemisphere. Tellus: Vol. 46A, pp.325-338.
[Print Version]

Trenberth. K.E. and J.W. Hurrell, 1994: Decadal Atmosphere-Ocean Variations in the Pacifc. Climate Dynamics: Vol. 9, pp.303-319.
[Print Version]

Hurrell, J.W., and K.E. Trenberth, 1992: An Evaluation of Monthly Mean MSU and ECMWF Global Atmospheric Temperatures for Monitoring Climate. Journal of Climate: Vol. 5, No. 12, pp.1424-1440.
[Print Version]

Trenberth, K.E., J.R. Christy, and J.W. Hurrell, 1992: Monitoring Global Monthly Mean Surface Temperatures. Journal of Climate: Vol. 5, No. 12, pp.1405-1423.
[Print Version]

Hurrell, J.W. and D.G. Vincent, 1992: A GCM Case Study on the Maintenance of Short-Term Subtropical Wind Maxima in the Summer Hemisphere during SOP-1, FGGE. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society: Vol. 118, pp.51-70.
[Print Version]

Hurrell, J.W. and D.G. Vincent, 1991: On the Maintenance of Short-Term Subtropical Wind Maxima in the Southern Hemisphere during SOP-1, FGGE. Journal of Climate: Vol. 4, No. 10, pp.1009-1022.
[Print Version]

Hurrell, J.W. and D.G. Vincent, 1990: Relationship between Tropical Heating and Subtropical Westerly Maxima in the Southern Hemisphere during SOP-1, FGGE. Journal of Climate: Vol. 3, No. 7, pp.751-768.
[Print Version]

Hurrell, J.W., and D.G. Vincent, 1987: Significance of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) in the Energy Budget of the Southern Hemisphere Tropics. Monthly Weather Review: Vol. 115, No. 8, pp.1797-1801.
[Print Version]